Life Cycle
Adolescence
I Nutrition during adolescence
A. another rapid state of growth
B. nutrient needs rise, iron (menses) and calcium (to prevent osteoporosis) are especially important
C. busy lifestyles make it challenging to meet nutrient needs and develop healthy habits
D. peer pressure is significant among adolescents
E. energy needs vary
1. depends on activity
2. weight gain possible, especially females
F. Vitamin and mineral needs increase from 1. iron deficiency anemia (poor diet and menses)
2. calcium and vitD
The Aging Process
I Physiological Changes
A. immune system
1. compromised immune systems can occur with age because a lot of immunity is involved in the intestines and peristalsis slows down.
2. incidences of infectious disease increase
B. GI tract
1. slower motility (peristalsis) resulting in constipation
2. atrophic gastritis impairs digestion and absorption of nutrients due to:
a. stomach inflammation
b. bacterial overgrowth (cause ulcers)
c. lack of HCl and intrinsic factor (affects B12 which is the extrinsic factor that cooperates with the intrinsic factor)
3. dysphagia: difficulties in swallowing and can result in nutritional deficiencies or aspiration
C. Dental problems
1. tooth loss and gum disease can interfere with food intake
2. edentulous: lack of teeth
3. conditions that require dental care:
a. dry mouth
b. eating difficulty (chewing)
c. no dental care in 2 years
d. tooth or mouth pain
e. altered food selections
f. lesions, sores or lumps in mouth
4. ill fitting dentures
5. dental caries
D. Sensory losses and other physical problems
1. vision problems can make driving a shopping difficult
2. taste and smell sensitivities may diminish
a. intolerance of food
3. physical limitations
a. limited mobility
E. Prescriptions and over the counter drugs
1. drug nutrient interactions
2. more than 6 drugs a day will lower appetite because they fill up the stomach
II Other changes
A. psychological changes
1. depression and loss of appetite commonly occur together
2. support and companionship of family and friends are helpful
B. economic changes
1. older adults have lower incomes and are at risk for poverty
2. only 1/3 receive aid from federal assistance programs
3. economic limitations
a. they may think they are going to outlive their money
b. programs provide nutrition education
C. social changes
1. loneliness is directly related to low energy intakes
2. malnutrition is common
III Energy and Nutrient needs in aging
A. water (very important)
1. dehydration increases risks for:
a. urinary tract infections
b. pneumonia
c. pressure ulcers
d. confusion and disorientation
2. fluid needs are not recognized
3. mobility and bladder problems
B. Energy and energy nutrients
1. energy needs increase
2. protein to protect muscle mass, boost the immune system, and to optimize bone mass (size/weight has nothing to do with protein/muscle mass malnutrition
3. carbohydrate for energy
4. fiber and water to reduce constipation
5. fat to enhance flavors of foods and provide valuable nutrients
6. vitamin and minerals to meet needs
C. Nutrient needs
1. energy: decreased BMR because not as active
2. protein: needs do not decline. May have less muscle more fat.
3. fats: 20-35% energy needs (standard for adults)
4. fiber: because peristalsis decreases
5. water: monitor intake and output because medication can interfere
6. vitamins: B6 and B12 (because of anemia), D and Calcium
7. antioxidants: Vit E, C, B-carotene
IV Food choices and eating habits of older adults
A. food assistance programs
1. congregate meals are group settings at community centers
2. meals on wheels is a home delivered meal program
3. the Senior Farmers Market Nutrition Program allows low income older adults to exchange coupons for fruit, vegetables, and herbs
B. Medical nutrition therapy education to inform them what to eat
V Government Programs
A. Federal Older American Act (OAA) title III
1. serves at least one meal five days a week to persons 60 and older
2. money given to community centers, congregations, etc
3. sponsored by the Federal Government
B. Nutrition Screening Initiative: National program that promotes nutritional screening and more attention to nutrition in all health-care and social-service settings that provide for older adults.
D: determine if
E: eating poorly
T: tooth loss or mouth pain
E: economic hardship
R: reduced social support (senior centers etc.)
M: multiple medicines
I: involuntary weight gain or loss (may be retaining fluid, or underlying disease)
N: needs assistance in self care (home health aide?)
E: elder, above 80
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